Ownership concepts
Horizontal Integration/Monopolisation
Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing the amount of smaller companies w which creates products such as goods or services at the same part of the supply chain.This can happen by methods such as internal expansion, acquisition or merger. If the company captures a big amount of the market for the product, this can lead to monopoly. A monopoly has the market power to set its price and not worry about the competitors, as the seller has the complete control over the industry. An example of this would be VOX cinemas. This is because they have established multiple companies throughout the Middle East in places like Muscat, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Lebanon and Egypt as a few to mention.
Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing the amount of smaller companies w which creates products such as goods or services at the same part of the supply chain.This can happen by methods such as internal expansion, acquisition or merger. If the company captures a big amount of the market for the product, this can lead to monopoly. A monopoly has the market power to set its price and not worry about the competitors, as the seller has the complete control over the industry. An example of this would be VOX cinemas. This is because they have established multiple companies throughout the Middle East in places like Muscat, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Lebanon and Egypt as a few to mention.
Vertical Integration (Owning different sectors)
Vertical integration is a type of strategy where an enterprise acquires an business operation within the same production vertical basically meaning it can assist companies to reduce the costs and improve efficiencies by decreasing transportation expenses and reducing turnaround time. As a result, they generally sell completely different products. An example of a company that does this would be 20th Century Fox. This is because they only own parts of their tasks and pass the rest to other companies.
Vertical integration is a type of strategy where an enterprise acquires an business operation within the same production vertical basically meaning it can assist companies to reduce the costs and improve efficiencies by decreasing transportation expenses and reducing turnaround time. As a result, they generally sell completely different products. An example of a company that does this would be 20th Century Fox. This is because they only own parts of their tasks and pass the rest to other companies.
Ownership in TV and Film industries
Public service
Refers to broadcasting which is intended for public. Television and Radio broadcasters are required to fulfill specific requirements within their licence to broadcast. An example of a media organisation industry which does public broadcasting services would be BBC. Generally, they tend to focus on informing the public, entertaining while still educating the audience with their channel.
Refers to broadcasting which is intended for public. Television and Radio broadcasters are required to fulfill specific requirements within their licence to broadcast. An example of a media organisation industry which does public broadcasting services would be BBC. Generally, they tend to focus on informing the public, entertaining while still educating the audience with their channel.
- Advantages:
- Disadvantages:
Commercial Broadcasting / Advertising
Commercial broadcasting is when a television shows are broad casted by private companies as opposed to having state sponsorship. This is completely different to BBC. This is because they exist to create money and jobs which is mainly earn though advertisements in-between shows. An example of this would be ITV. ITV was Britain's first commercial television. Presently, the total number of television stations owned by a company would reach 39% of the country as the ownership limit was lower than before.
Commercial broadcasting is when a television shows are broad casted by private companies as opposed to having state sponsorship. This is completely different to BBC. This is because they exist to create money and jobs which is mainly earn though advertisements in-between shows. An example of this would be ITV. ITV was Britain's first commercial television. Presently, the total number of television stations owned by a company would reach 39% of the country as the ownership limit was lower than before.
Corporate and Private Ownership
Advantage:
To private ownership is that because the company is owned by you entirely, you receive all the money that is earned. A disadvantage of private ownership for a company is that it won’t be funded as well as a public service company. (As there is no money from the public backing it)
Disadvantages:
A privately owned company is a business company owned either by non-governmental organisations or by a small number of shareholders or company members which does not offer or trade its company stock to the general public on the stock market. Instead the company's stock is owned and traded privately. A good example of a privately owned media company is Sky.
Advantage:
To private ownership is that because the company is owned by you entirely, you receive all the money that is earned. A disadvantage of private ownership for a company is that it won’t be funded as well as a public service company. (As there is no money from the public backing it)
Disadvantages:
A privately owned company is a business company owned either by non-governmental organisations or by a small number of shareholders or company members which does not offer or trade its company stock to the general public on the stock market. Instead the company's stock is owned and traded privately. A good example of a privately owned media company is Sky.
Independent Companies
Advantages:
When working independently, you have a lot more creative control, but far fewer resources. I would say that's the biggest trade off. When working with a studio, you have access to a larger pool of actors, more esteemed crew, and the infrastructure to take a lot of the exhausting producerial elements off your hands, so that you can focus as an artist.
Disadvantages:
On the other hand, there are many more cooks in the kitchen when working with a studio. So, as an artist, you have to negotiate a lot more, and may have to make creative compromises. I think the pressure to appeal to a larger audience has much higher stakes when working on a studio film, so a lot of the compromises are rooted in that responsibility.
Advantages:
When working independently, you have a lot more creative control, but far fewer resources. I would say that's the biggest trade off. When working with a studio, you have access to a larger pool of actors, more esteemed crew, and the infrastructure to take a lot of the exhausting producerial elements off your hands, so that you can focus as an artist.
Disadvantages:
On the other hand, there are many more cooks in the kitchen when working with a studio. So, as an artist, you have to negotiate a lot more, and may have to make creative compromises. I think the pressure to appeal to a larger audience has much higher stakes when working on a studio film, so a lot of the compromises are rooted in that responsibility.
Global companies
The Global Broadcasting LCC. was a private American broadcasting network stationed in San Francisco and Rhode Island. The broadcasting company was active from early 2007 to 2011, so it was short-lived. However, global broadcasting isn't just considered to come from one particular country's global broadcasting company that oversees international televised productions. It stopped working in 2011 as not only was it too costly, but it was time consuming and there was a lack of technology to assist with this difficult task.
The Global Broadcasting LCC. was a private American broadcasting network stationed in San Francisco and Rhode Island. The broadcasting company was active from early 2007 to 2011, so it was short-lived. However, global broadcasting isn't just considered to come from one particular country's global broadcasting company that oversees international televised productions. It stopped working in 2011 as not only was it too costly, but it was time consuming and there was a lack of technology to assist with this difficult task.
Cross media convergence
Cross media convergence is when two or more companies work together to produce, distribute or exhibit a film or television show. It generally is used to help market the film with combinations of the music industry and film industry for a sound track. The difference between synergy and cross media convergence would be how synergy can involve non-media products such as merchandise while cross media convergence involves media products. There is two types of media convergences: Old and New Media
Cross media convergence is when two or more companies work together to produce, distribute or exhibit a film or television show. It generally is used to help market the film with combinations of the music industry and film industry for a sound track. The difference between synergy and cross media convergence would be how synergy can involve non-media products such as merchandise while cross media convergence involves media products. There is two types of media convergences: Old and New Media
- Particular Magazines (old media) which have produced a website (new media)
- TV (old media) which have constructed interactive channels (new media)
- Film (old media) which is now a downloadable content (new media)
Funding methods
Licence fees
A licence fee is how much home owners have to pay in order to view or listen to any type of BBC broadcasting. If you do not pay and you are found to be accessing this service you can be fined as you are not contributing to licensing fees.This type of fees were set by the government.
This is a fixed amount that homeowners have to pay if they listen to or watch any type of BBC Broadcast. If you are found to not pay this but use the services then you can be fined for not helping to contribute towards licensing fees. Currently the annual cost for colour is £150.50 or £50.50 if you have black and white. It is not the BBC that sets this but the Government.
A licence fee is how much home owners have to pay in order to view or listen to any type of BBC broadcasting. If you do not pay and you are found to be accessing this service you can be fined as you are not contributing to licensing fees.This type of fees were set by the government.
This is a fixed amount that homeowners have to pay if they listen to or watch any type of BBC Broadcast. If you are found to not pay this but use the services then you can be fined for not helping to contribute towards licensing fees. Currently the annual cost for colour is £150.50 or £50.50 if you have black and white. It is not the BBC that sets this but the Government.
Subscriptions
Subscription companies charge a small fee in order to access and use their product. Generally speaking, this would be a monthly fee. A popular film site which requires this would be Netflix while on the other hand, a popular music site would be Spotify. These sites subscriptions give you access to view things which were exclusive to them.
These are subscription companies that charge a certain fee for using/being able to access their products. These are usually charged to the bill payer monthly. For example Netflix, Amazon, Now TV, Sky, Virgin and BT are all subscription services that allow you access to things exclusive to them. Such as certain films or TV shows.
Subscription companies charge a small fee in order to access and use their product. Generally speaking, this would be a monthly fee. A popular film site which requires this would be Netflix while on the other hand, a popular music site would be Spotify. These sites subscriptions give you access to view things which were exclusive to them.
These are subscription companies that charge a certain fee for using/being able to access their products. These are usually charged to the bill payer monthly. For example Netflix, Amazon, Now TV, Sky, Virgin and BT are all subscription services that allow you access to things exclusive to them. Such as certain films or TV shows.
Pay per view
Pay per view is when you pay to see a film or TV show once. Some other people know this to be called one off payment. An example of this would be during boxing matches as they are done once on a cheap payment. This is purposely done in order to gain a bigger audience and get more money. When it comes to services, companies such as BT and Sky are places which also offer pay per view.
Pay per view is when you pay to see a film or TV show once. Some other people know this to be called one off payment. An example of this would be during boxing matches as they are done once on a cheap payment. This is purposely done in order to gain a bigger audience and get more money. When it comes to services, companies such as BT and Sky are places which also offer pay per view.
Sponsorship
This is when a company pays to show a product in a short advertisement in-between TV shows or films. These are always tailored to the program that is being shown and also the time of day. For example Coronation Street is a family show which is shown weekdays at prime time in the evening. This results in the adverts being family orientated and often about food or products that family's would generally have. This ranges from estate cars to food dishes.
This is when a company pays to show a product in a short advertisement in-between TV shows or films. These are always tailored to the program that is being shown and also the time of day. For example Coronation Street is a family show which is shown weekdays at prime time in the evening. This results in the adverts being family orientated and often about food or products that family's would generally have. This ranges from estate cars to food dishes.
Advertising
The first ad on television. Advertising history was made at 9.01pm on 22 September 1955, when Britain's first television commercial squeezed on to the air. Made by AB-Pathe, it was a 70-second ad for Gibbs SR Toothpaste. The company's cinema ads had first used slides and then the comedian Arthur Askey to sell its wares. But there were no jokes in the black-and-white dental epic that hit television screens that night.
The first ad on television. Advertising history was made at 9.01pm on 22 September 1955, when Britain's first television commercial squeezed on to the air. Made by AB-Pathe, it was a 70-second ad for Gibbs SR Toothpaste. The company's cinema ads had first used slides and then the comedian Arthur Askey to sell its wares. But there were no jokes in the black-and-white dental epic that hit television screens that night.
- Advertising is a key method in how broadcasting companies generate income.
- They sell advertising space on their shows, which companies can buy in order to showcase a product.
- TV adverts normally consist of a short 30 sec (sometimes longer, sometimes shorter) video, which advertises a product.
- Costs of advertising can vary greatly, depending on the viewing figures of the show.
- The higher the viewing figures, the more it will cost as more people will see it.
Product placement
Product placements are used when companies what to advertise within a specific program. There must be a P placed within the title to show that they have products to be paid according to law. An example of one of the first product placements was Nescafe who paid £100,000 in 2011 to place a coffee machiene in the background of shots. Another example would be ''Men in Black” as you could see the characters using Ray Ban sunglasses or Mercedes Benz cars. Thus, as the popularity of movies is rising, and as more people follow the heroes and the villains of movies, and as movies garner maximum attention from audiences, it is no doubt that companies want to go for product placement in movies.
Product placements are used when companies what to advertise within a specific program. There must be a P placed within the title to show that they have products to be paid according to law. An example of one of the first product placements was Nescafe who paid £100,000 in 2011 to place a coffee machiene in the background of shots. Another example would be ''Men in Black” as you could see the characters using Ray Ban sunglasses or Mercedes Benz cars. Thus, as the popularity of movies is rising, and as more people follow the heroes and the villains of movies, and as movies garner maximum attention from audiences, it is no doubt that companies want to go for product placement in movies.
Private capital
Private capital is money invested in films which wouldn't have been published due to the lack of funding. An example of a producer who funded a film would be Megan Ellison. She is an American film producer who founded 'Annapurna pictures.' She uses peoples ideas in order to turn them into a reality which helps smaller film makers get a big break. The company purchased films such as American Hustle which grossed $251.2 million worldwide, winning two Golden Globe awards and 3 BAFTA's.
Private capital is money invested in films which wouldn't have been published due to the lack of funding. An example of a producer who funded a film would be Megan Ellison. She is an American film producer who founded 'Annapurna pictures.' She uses peoples ideas in order to turn them into a reality which helps smaller film makers get a big break. The company purchased films such as American Hustle which grossed $251.2 million worldwide, winning two Golden Globe awards and 3 BAFTA's.
Financial Aid & Development funds
Development funds mean that small independent film makers have a chance to have their films funded and created rather than just being an idea. Currently in the UK the lottery good causes has 12 distributors and one of them is the British Film Industry.
This means that people can submit ideas whether it be to do with production, distribution, education, audience development and market research to the BFI. They then go on to decide who to give money to from the National Lottery Funds.
Development funds mean that small independent film makers have a chance to have their films funded and created rather than just being an idea. Currently in the UK the lottery good causes has 12 distributors and one of them is the British Film Industry.
This means that people can submit ideas whether it be to do with production, distribution, education, audience development and market research to the BFI. They then go on to decide who to give money to from the National Lottery Funds.
Links used:
https://www.slideshare.net/karishmanaik97/undersnading-tv-and-film-industry
https://prezi.com/gyljl9rodzuu/ownership-and-funding-in-television-and-film-industries/
https://issuu.com/charlottelanham/docs/ownership_and_funding_in_the_tv_and_454fbbe161eeda
https://www.slideshare.net/CAOSON1984/monopoly-presentation-business-government-relation
https://www.slideshare.net/haverstockmedia/commercial-tv-broadcasting-by-fateha-28592457
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-of-working-on-an-independent-film-vs-a-studio-film
https://www.marketing91.com/product-placement/
\https://www.independent.co.uk/news/the-first-ad-on-television-1601624.html
https://www.slideshare.net/Mona199526/issues-raised-by-media-in-ownership-and-funding-in-contemporary-media-practice
https://prezi.com/gyljl9rodzuu/ownership-and-funding-in-television-and-film-industries/
https://issuu.com/charlottelanham/docs/ownership_and_funding_in_the_tv_and_454fbbe161eeda
https://www.slideshare.net/CAOSON1984/monopoly-presentation-business-government-relation
https://www.slideshare.net/haverstockmedia/commercial-tv-broadcasting-by-fateha-28592457
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-of-working-on-an-independent-film-vs-a-studio-film
https://www.marketing91.com/product-placement/
\https://www.independent.co.uk/news/the-first-ad-on-television-1601624.html
https://www.slideshare.net/Mona199526/issues-raised-by-media-in-ownership-and-funding-in-contemporary-media-practice